Yersinia pestis is the bacteria that causes plague, one of the deadliest diseases in human history. Plague is an infectious disease caused by the bacteria Yersinia pestis, a zoonotic bacteria, usually found in small mammals and their fleas. The organism that causes plague, Yersinia pestis, lives in small rodents found most commonly in rural and semirural areas of Africa, Asia and the United States. The disease follows urban and sylvatic cycles and is manifested in bubonic and pneumonic forms [note: bubo is derived from a Greek word for groin]. [26] Further outbreaks in Madagascar were reported in November 2014[27] and October 2017. [24], Diagnosing plague early leads to a decrease in transmission or spread of the disease. Yersinia (formerly Pasteurella) pestis is a short bacillus that often shows bipolar staining (especially with Giemsa stain) and may resemble a safety pin. [9], If the lymph node is overwhelmed, the infection can pass into the bloodstream, causing secondary septicemic plague and if the lungs are seeded, it can cause secondary pneumonic plague. NIAID conducts and supports research on the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of infections caused by microbes, including those that have the potential for use as biological weapons. It was the disease behind the Black Death of the 14th century, … The plague bacillus Y pestis is transmitted to people mainly by the bites of infected fleas. The disease is caused by the plague bacillus, rod-shaped bacteria referred to as Yersinia pestis. Among them is one of the most transmissible and deadliest microorganisms: Yersinia pestis. Human plague infections continue to occur in the western United States, but significantly more cases occur in parts of Africa and Asia. This will provide a valuable research resource to scientists for identifying new targets for vaccines, drugs, and diagnostics for this deadly pathogen. Yersinia is named in honor of Alexander Yersin, who successfully isolated the bacteria in 1894 during the pandemic that began in China in the 1860s. Yersinia pestis (formerly called Pasteurella pestis) is a short gram-negative rod that causes plague. [17], A study of a 1665 outbreak of plague in the village of Eyam in England's Derbyshire Dales—which isolated itself during the outbreak, facilitating modern study—found that three-quarters of cases are likely to have been due to human-to-human transmission, especially within families, a much bigger proportion than previously thought. Plague was the cause of some of the most-devastating epidemics in history. [20][21] He conducted massive inoculation program in British India, and it is estimated that 26 million doses of Haffkine's anti-plague vaccine were sent out from Bombay between 1897 and 1925, reducing the plague mortality by 50%-85%. Anti-F1 Ig G are among the known protective antibodies against Y. pestis infection. Abstract. [14][15], Transmission of Y. pestis to an uninfected individual is possible by any of the following means. [38], This article is about the disease caused by Yersinia pestis. People typically get infected after being bitten by a rodent flea that is carrying the bacterium or by handling a plague-infected animal. Yersinia pestis can be transmitted by fleas during the first week after an infectious blood meal, termed early-phase or mass transmission, and again after Y.pestis forms a cohesive biofilm in the flea foregut that blocks normal blood feeding. Understanding the effects of land-use change on zoonotic disease risk is a pressing global health concern. To address the effect of weak TLR4 stimulation on virulence, we modified Y. pestis to produce a potent TLR4-stimulating LPS. The natural foci of plague are situated in a broad belt in the tropical and sub-tropical latitudes and the warmer parts of the temperate latitudes around the globe, between the parallels 55 degrees North and 40 degrees South. Experiments included various delivery methods, vacuum drying, sizing the bacterium, developing strains resistant to antibiotics, combining the bacterium with other diseases (such as diphtheria), and genetic engineering. [10], Lymphatics ultimately drain into the bloodstream, so the plague bacteria may enter the blood and travel to almost any part of the body. [1], When a flea bites a human and contaminates the wound with regurgitated blood, the plague-causing bacteria are passed into the tissue. [16], Yersinia pestis circulates in animal reservoirs, particularly in rodents, in the natural foci of infection found on all continents except Australia. Symptoms include fever, weakness and headache. The effects of the plague are described in the nursery rhyme "We all fall down." [19] The antibiotics often used are streptomycin, chloramphenicol and tetracycline. Humans usually get plague after being bitten by a rodent flea that is carrying the plague bacterium or by handling an animal infected with plague. Contrary to popular belief, rats did not directly start the spread of the bubonic plague. Yersinia Pestis was originally called Pasteurella pestis but was changed in 1944 when it reassigned to a newly defined genus, Yersinia. It causes a disease called plague, which is transmitted by rodents, mainly rats, as well as prairie dogs, and their fleas. It is transmitted between animals through fleas. The Gram-negative bacterium Yersinia pestis is responsible for deadly plague, a zoonotic disease established in stable foci in the Americas, Africa, and Eurasia. Three studies … Yersinia pestis kann Harnstoff spalten, was es von anderen Yersinienarten unterscheidet. Plague is a vector-borne infectious disease caused by the bacteria known as Yersinia pestis. The cats were closely monitored after ingestion. [18], Symptoms of plague are usually non-specific and in order to definitively diagnose plague, laboratory testing is required. Teilweise … The bacteria multiply inside the flea, sticking together to form a plug that blocks its stomach and causes it to starve. It can be a life-threatening infection if not treated promptly. “It is apparent that there has been a kind of ignoring of potentials for harm,” … This will provide a valuable research resource to scientists for identifying new targets for vaccines, drugs, and diagnostics for this deadly pathogen. Yersinia pestis is the agent responsible for the plague. These subjects, termed "maruta" or "logs", were then studied by dissection, others by vivisection while still conscious. [20][22], Since human plague is rare in most parts of the world as of 2020, routine vaccination is not needed other than for those at particularly high risk of exposure, nor for people living in areas with enzootic plague, meaning it occurs at regular, predictable rates in populations and specific areas, such as the western United States. Plague, caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, is a disease that affects humans and other mammals. See all Infectious Diseases related news releases, See all Infectious Diseases related NIAID Now posts. This test is easy to conduct and gives a result at the person's bedside in 15 minutes. Yersinia pestis ist empfindlich gegenüber Schimmelpilzen und wird durch … Without prompt treatment, plague can cause serious illness or death. The flea then bites a host and continues to feed, even though it cannot quell its hunger, and consequently, the flea vomits blood tainted with the bacteria back into the bite wound. Many believe that the disease had been lurking in Asia for centuries before the major outbreaks occurred. The bacterium Y. pestis causes deadly plague, whereas the other two closely related enteropathogenic Yersinia species merely cause limited gastrointestinal manifestations. Wie für Vertreter der Familie der … Y. pestis was discovered by Alexandre Yersin, a pupil of Louis Pasteur, during an epidemic of … Eisen RJ, Bearden SW, Wilder AP, Montenieri JA, Antolin MF, Gage KL. [29], In 1347, the Genoese possession of Caffa, a great trade emporium on the Crimean peninsula, came under siege by an army of Mongol warriors of the Golden Horde under the command of Jani Beg. [28], Globally about 600 cases are reported a year. Science. Y. pestis is most commonly transmitted to humans through the bites of infected fleas, resulting in either primary bubonic plague or septicemic plague . One such microbe is Yersinia pestis, the bacterial agent responsible for a series of well-documented bubonic plague epidemics that led to over 50 million deaths. Yersinia pestis: The bacteria that causes the bubonic plague which in the year 541 (as the Black Death) and later in the Middle Ages decimated Europe.The effects of the plague are described in the nursery rhyme "We all fall down.". The disease is caused by Yersinia pestis, a non-motile, g … The plague of man is a severe, systemic bacterial infectious disease. Although the disease killed millions in Europe during the Middle Ages, antibiotics effectively treat plague today. DIC results in depletion of the body's clotting resources so that it can no longer control bleeding. [2] Typically antibiotics include a combination of gentamicin and a fluoroquinolone. It is a facultative anaerobic organism that can infect humans via the Oriental rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopis). Some members of Yersinia are pathogenic in humans; in particular, Y. pestis is the causative agent of the plague. Plague bacteria secrete several toxins, one of which is known to cause beta-adrenergic blockade. To learn about Yersinia pestis and the disease it causes, visit CDC’s plague website. 1996 Jul 19. Rare Disease Offers New Insights, Trio of Hepatitis C Researchers Wins 2020 Nobel Prize in Medicine, Childhood Pneumonia Study Shows Short-Course Antibiotics Superior to Standard of Care. It was the disease behind the Black Death of … It is the etiologic agent in the plague which is an arthropodborne or zoonotic disease, ie it requires a reservoir (mammalian) and a vector (invertebrate). Get the latest public health information from CDC. Yersinia enterocolitica mainly causes acute enteritis, but systemic infections, such as bacteraemia, joint pain, and rashes have occasionally resulted. are responsible for disease syndromes ranging from gastroenteritis to plague.Y.pestis is the cause of the plague and is actually catagorized into three subtypes or biovars; Antiqua, Medievalis, and Orientalis, each associated with a major pandemic.Y.pestis strand KIM belongs to biovar Mediaevalis while strand CO92 is in biovar Orientalis. Plague has caused several major epidemics in Europe and Asia over the last 2,000 years. Yersinia pestis is a nonmotile, slow-growing, facultative organism classified in the family Enterobacteriaceae. Other articles where Yersinia pestis is discussed: plague: >Yersinia pestis, a bacterium transmitted from rodents to humans by the bite of infected fleas. The image to the right is what Yersinia pestis looks like when being viewed under a microscope. Yersinia pestis (formerly Pasteurella pestis) is a gram-negative, non-motile, rod-shaped, coccobacillus bacterium, without spores. Yersinia pestis is a gram negative bacterium, discovered and named in 1894 by a Swiss/French physician and bacteriologist Alexandre Yersin.

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